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No War Base on the Island of Peace

Tag: Jeju dialect

  • Language, Island, colonial culture and the Jeju naval base

    Re-post from the No base stories of Korea, Feb. 27, 2011

     

    * Image source: Headline Jeju, Feb. 25, 2011헤드라인 제주, 2011년 2월 25일(클릭)
    The sign reads: ‘Allow and actively promote the use of the Jeju dialect in schools!
    ‘Critically endangered Jeju dialect’ of the UNESCO-registered-and-promoted
    It is the responsibility of the Jeju Provincial Office of Education that has not allowed the use of the Jeju dialect for 40 years, who has alledged that it is a ‘rustic and impertinent’ dialect. ‘
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    Thanks to the activists who are making efforts to decolonize the cultures of their Islands, for example, Michael Lujan Bevacqua who runs the blog called ‘No Rest for the Awake: Minagahet Chamorro,’ it has become clearer to more people that no base movement cannot be separate with the decolonization movement.

    Here in the Jeju Island, the faced situation could be similar to a lesser degree if not the same with the examples in the other regions, especially in those Islands who have been suffering under the imperial eyes and tongues.

    The Headline Jeju on Feb. 25 reported an interesting article ( by Yoon Chul-Soo) which was about one man protest by Kim Young-Bo, a high school teacher teaching commerce, who demanded the free use of the Jeju dialect in schools in front of the Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Office of Education (The Jeju Provincial Office of Education, afterwards) in the afternoon of Feb. 25, 2011.

    According to the very article, the teacher protested against the Jeju Provincial Office of Education which he criticized because it had not allowed the free use of the Jeju dialect in schools by alleging that the Jeju language was a ‘rustic and impertinent dialect,’ and to which he demanded that it should allow students to freely speak the Jeju dialect in schools.

    Below is the translation of his words cited in the article:

    “The Jeju Provincial Office of Education who has not allowed the free use of the Jeju dialect is very responsible for the Jeju language being critically endangered. Even though the situation is very serious as to the degree that it is registered as a critically endangered language by the UNESCO, the Provincial Office of the Education is not trying to fix such wrong education policy.” 

    It was poignant to hear that the Jeju dialect is critically endangered itself while the UNESCO designated soft corals in the Gangjeong Sea is being threatened with the naval base construction in the Gangjeong village, as well. (* About the UNESCO registered Jeju language, see HERE and HERE)

    Here are further translations of his cited words, as well:

    “I am more infuriated by the fact that no one really seriously concerns about that, except for short time whenever there were media reports on the Jeju dialect being registered as a critically endangered language. Who would succeed the Jeju language if the current halmang(s)(old women) and harbang(s)(old men) die. The language might disappear.”

    “Our generation was not allowed to use the Jeju dialect for talks between teachers and students not to mention for class hours. We had to hear reproach that we were rustic and impertinent if we use the Jeju dialect and we even got a whip. Didn’t the students who had been getting punished get one more whip if they unconsciously used the Jeju dialect, did they? It is for the alleged reason that they look as rustic and impertinent from the point of view of teachers.”

    According to the article, he pointed out that the Jeju Provincial Office of Education was showing the duality by never allowing the Jeju dialect even among the students within schools while it is also making an effort to revitalize the Jeju language such as through hosting or sponsoring competition events such as those on speaking with the Jeju dialect; those on children song with the Jeju dialect, exhibitions on illustrated poems with the Jeju Dialect; and festivals with the Jeju Dialect. It is told that the authority of the Jeju Provincial Office of Education has issued that it has guided that there should be an education course on the Jeju dialect beside sponsoring such events. However, it is contradictorily prohibiting the very use of the Jeju dialect [within schools].

    According to the article, the duality is the very point that motivated him toward his own one man protest.

    What is interesting about the event and article is that those things very remind the current situation of the Jeju Island whose native cultures are being disappeared with corporate and militarism culture in South Korea, especially with the law on the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, which was brought in 2006 with the concept of Jeju free international city and emphasis on the so-called’ ‘globalization.’

    Mr. Go Gwon-Il, a Gangjeong villager thinks the Central and Island governments’ current mobilizations for the Jeju to be one of the new seven wonders even being mobilized with many celebrities along with excessive international propaganda is part of such extended move.

    According to him, the Jeju Island should NOT be one of the new seven wonders because it would make worse the situation of the Jeju Island, the UNESCO triple-crowned site(Mount Halla’s Biosphere Reserve recognition in 2002; Natural Heritage Sites designation of Mount Halla, Seongsan Sunrise Peak and Manjanggul cave in 2007; and the geopark designation in 2010) with increasing capitalism and reckless tourism.

    Otherwise, according to the Wiki on the Jeju dialect:

    One large difference between the Jeju dialect and those of mainland Korea is the lack of formality and deference to elders. For example, while a speaker of the Seoul dialect might say 안녕하세요 annyeonghaseyo (“Hello”) to an older person, a speaker of the Jeju dialect would say 반갑수다 ban-gapsuda (lit., “Nice chatting” or “Nice talking”; roughly equivalent to “Howdy”). To many mainlanders, a child saying this to an adult would be appalling, but on the islands, a more “egalitarian” form of speech is used, perhaps a cultural idiosyncrasy that has hung on after the incorporation of Jeju itself (under the Tamna kingdom, which, though having subjugated itself to Korean states since the 7th century, was not brought under the full centralized control of a Korean state until 1404) into Korea.

     

     

    * Image source: Jeju Weekly, Feb. 6, 2011 (Original source: ‘Art by Choi Myung Sun. Photo courtesy Jejudo Hangeul Calligraphy Society’) The calligraphy written with the Jeju dialect reads:
    ‘ Moosangomassim(Why is it?)
    Umung-ee haejoon bab muk-eo-bob-seo (Why don’t you have some rice mother has cooked?) Chommallo Masi Jotsooda(It is really delicious.) Moosangomassim (Why is it?) Geu-gun Umunim-eui Saranghaneun mosim-ee bab sogobe godeukgodeuk deul-eo-i-si-nan anikkwa (Isn’t it because mother’s loving heart wholly fills the rice bowl, is it?) –Jeju sokkdam gotnae (cited from one of the Jeju proverbs Gotnae)

    There was also an interesting article in the Jeju Weekly. See HERE. According to it:

    Looking at the wider linguistic picture, the Korean language is also losing ground on account of the dominance of English.

     

    But looking at the problem more closely, one sees that much of the Jeju dialect is disappearing fast, partly because the capitalistic logic of “efficiency” has been an excuse for our indifferent attitude. During the rapid economic development in Korea which started in the 1960’s, preservation of cultural diversity was considered “inefficient” since it could deter fast decision making. This has since put the Jeju dialect on the list of critically endangered languages.

    For reference, the 60’s developmentalism was promoted by the Park Jung-Hee military dictatorship who has eyed on the Jeju Island, a historically strategic point by the imperial countries and dominating class, with the turned-out-to-be a failed military base plan then.

    The concern about the possibility of disappearing vernacular terms in the Gangjeong village is being faced with the rapidly accelerated naval base construction: Who would remember the names of Goorumbee(cloud-shaped rocks stuck under the earth), Gaegurumbee (cloud-shaped rocks on the earth), Jinsokkak, (hem-look in the place of deep and and inwardly long water), Neobeunnyo (spacious rock protruded over water), Metboori( * Of which the meaning is not exactly known but according to Mr. Go Gwon-Il in the Gangjeong village, it could be ‘a ritual place offered with rice’) in the Joongduk coast and Natgakk(hem-look in the place of stream) in the downstream of the Gangjeong stream, once all the rocky Joongduk coast in the Gangjeong badang(sea) is reclaimed with concrete by the construction?

    The naval base construction would not only bury the heaven-blessed nature of the Gangjeong village but would also erase all the archaic history of it, violently making scars into the memories of the Gangjeong villagers who might not be able to say any more that their hometown Gangjeong used to be the most water-abundant and the most water-fresh village in the Jeju Island.

  • Walking from the Joongduk Coast to the Gangjeong Stream

    Re-post from the No base stories of Korea, Jan. 24, 2011


    1. Goorumbee (Gureombi) 구럼비 2. Jinsokkak 진소깍 3. Neobeunyeo 너븐여
    4. Gaegoorumbee 개구럼비 (Gaegureombi) 5. Metboori (Moetppuri) 멧부리

    6. Gangjeong Stream + Ackeun stream 강정천 + 악근천

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    One can see many Jeju vernacular terms in the names of the places from the Joongduk coast to the Gangjeong Stream. The below is the explanation by Mr. Go Gwon-Il, Gangjeong villager. Saying he could not assert all his explanations were right but based on his knowledge, in case with inference, he gave us some interesting explanations on the names of places.

     

    1. Goorumbee 구럼비

    Mr. Go inferred the meaning of the word, ‘bee’ in the ‘Goorumbee’ same with that of the word, ‘bille,’ which means ‘rocks stuck into earth,’ while that of the word, ‘Goorum,’ same that of the word, ‘Gooreum,’ which means ‘cloud,’ therefore the meaning of ‘Goorumbee’ as ‘the rocks of cloud shapes.’

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    2. Jinsokkak 진소깍

    The word, ‘So’ in the name of ‘Jinsokkak’ means ‘place of deep water.’ The word, ‘KKak’ means ‘hem of a cloth,’ which is expression of the shape of line that looks like the hem of a cloth on the surface of water into which the bottom parts of the rocks are submerged. Mr. Go said of a tale that has been told in the Gangjeong village for a long time. The story is that when the Seolmoondae Halmang ( ‘halmang’ means ‘old woman’) who is told to have created the Jeju Island in the folktale on the birth of the Jeju Island, lied her body taking the Beom Island (where the UNESCO designated soft corals inhibit underneath) as her pillow and putting her feet into the Baekrokdam ( the crater on the top of Mt. Halla), the Jinsokkak was her womb therefore women who could not have babies long time could have babies if they bath in the end point of the Jinsokkak, where fresh water and sea water meets each other.
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    3. Neobeunyeo 너븐여

    The word, ‘neobeun’ in the name of the ‘Neobeunyo’ means ‘spacious,’ while ‘yeo’ meaning ‘rock protruded over water.’
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    4. Gaegoorumbee 개구럼비

     

    The word, ‘gae’ in the name of ‘Gaegoorumbee’ means ‘the rocks on the ground without being stuck into earth’, different from ‘bille.’

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    5. Moetboori 멧부리
    * On the Metboori, see also HERE 멧부리에 대해서 또한 여기를 클릭하시길






    .

     

    Mr. Go inferred the meaning of the word, ‘Me’ in the name of ‘Metboori’ as ‘the rice on table for religious serves,’ therefore the meaning of ‘Metboori’ as the ‘(sacred) place where people offered rice.’ For reference, there is a low and big stone-made altar where people used to hold the religious service called ‘Byeolpoje,’ since long time ago in theMetboori. The altar is told to directly face toward the direction of rising Sun in March in lunar calendar (which is approximately April in the solar calendar)

    The Byeolpoje was an annual religious service held by many villagers for the purpose of good lucks to be prosper, while to prevent bad lucks, around March or April in lunar calendar, which is usually before Danoh (one of big festive days in Korea; the word, ‘Danoh’ means the first five days of May, in lunar calendar) and when the yang energy begins to prosper more than yin energy-it is told that if yang energy is much more than yin energy, the epidemic becomes to be rampant. The Byeolpoje was stopped in 1969 (during the Park Jung-Hee military dictatorship) but resumed in 2002 (the period when the ex-President, Kim Dae-Jung reigned). However as the Island government unilaterally decided over the Gangjeong village as the planned naval base area then the navy purchased the land in 2008, the service was also stopped as the villagers found it was hard to freely walk there.
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    6. Gangjeong Stream + Ackeun stream 강정천 + 악근천






     

    In the seawater of the end point of the Metboori, the fresh water of the Keunnae (means the ‘big stream’ and is also named as the Gangjeong stream) and Akkeunnae (named as the Akkeun Stream) meets with the sea water. One calls the place in the downstream of deep water as ‘Bongdoongiiso.’ There exist the stones called ‘Sokdol’ that has many holes as to drift over water.

    One calls the meeting point of the Gangjeong Stream and sea water as ‘Natkkak.’ Its geology is formed of sudden downfall so you can see sometimes water flow that is poured like fall. Because of its clean water, one can see sweet fishes and kind of moss called Polytrichum juniperinum (or pigeon wheat). It is told that there lives the kind of moss called ‘Marchantia polymorpha (called common liverwort or umbrella liverwort) in less clean water.